Executive Member of the Expert Committee, Optical Display Committee, Chinese Society for Optical Engineering
Vice Chairman, Semiconductor Lighting and Display Branch, China Information Industry Association Li Yong
Abstract: This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the rigid market demand, current technological developments, and key material and process challenges in the field of flexible transparent film displays within the next-generation display industry. It proposes corresponding directions and strategies for technological innovation. Through comparative analysis of existing technologies, the paper identifies key areas of future research and outlines emerging development trends. It also explores market positioning and potential breakthrough paths. Based on in-depth research, a series of recommendations and strategies are presented to accelerate the advancement of this field.
Keywords: Flexible Display; Transparent Film; Technological Breakthrough; Material Innovation; Manufacturing Process
1.1 Research Background and Significance
In the past year, the display industry has generally been under pressure, but it has also bred new development opportunities. In 2024, companies engaged in the R&D and production of flexible LED transparent display products experienced a critical period of market validation. Faced with fierce market competition both at home and abroad, and the economic challenge of significantly tightened domestic construction projects, industry growth is under considerable pressure. We have observed three major changes in the industry: First, the momentum of industry growth is shifting. The profit margin of mature products is being squeezed, which requires enterprises to carry out more refined operational management. At the same time, the market penetration rate of differentiated and innovative products is increasing. Enterprises are actively seeking to enter high-growth tracks, and those with multi-level, comprehensive solutions are better able to adapt to market changes. Second, the trend of industry consolidation is intensifying. In 2024, small enterprises in the LED display industry chain face increasing survival pressure, and many have begun exploring transformation paths. The trend of mergers and acquisitions is also accelerating. Third, from the perspective of consumers, cost control in urban outdoor nightscape display projects has become a general trend. Ensuring basic livelihoods, payroll, and daily operations has become the key factor determining the survival of enterprises.
Based on the annual due diligence, the author found that in 2024, the sales volume of LED flexible transparent film display products shrank sharply compared with the previous year. The sudden 50% drop in the market for a rising star product in the display technology field is not entirely due to the macro environment of the past year, but rather the result of inherent defects, technical flaws, and poor-quality manufacturing. A product that should have shone brilliantly is now bearing serious consequences.
1.2 Domestic and International R&D Progress
In today’s era of rapid technological advancement, a revolution in visual experience is quietly emerging. With breakthrough progress in flexible transparent film display technology, we are about to step into a new era where “everything can bend.” Behind this visual feast, key technologies, materials, and processes are guiding the industry toward a golden period of opportunity with their unique charm. This paper will take you deep into the rise of flexible display technology and explore how the flexible transparent film display industry is riding the wave and unlocking infinite possibilities.
With the advancement of technology and the diversification of consumer demands, flexible transparent film display products have become the new favorite in the display technology field. Their technological breakthroughs are of great significance in driving the development of related industries. Imagine your phone folding like a newspaper into your pocket or bag, reading and downloading freely scrollable electronic magazines on the subway according to your content needs, or even your car windshield instantly turning into a high-definition display… All of this is moving from science fiction to daily life with the increasing maturity of flexible display technology.
As the name suggests, flexible film transparent display technology refers to displays that are not only as crystal clear as glass but also capable of bending, folding, or even twisting without affecting display performance. It completely subverts the limitations of traditional rigid displays and brings unprecedented design freedom to electronic products. Whether it’s OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode), MicroLED, or Quantum Dot display technologies, all are constantly exploring perfect integration with flexible substrates, striving to deliver lighter, more transparent, flexible, durable, and energy-efficient display solutions.
Globally, flexible transparent film display technology is in a rapid development stage, but the core technologies remain in the hands of a few companies. Research on LED flexible transparent film display products began in South Korea and was introduced to China in 2018. Several companies in Shenzhen and Shanghai have conducted R&D, and trial production began to boom in 2022. However, due to immature materials, processes, and technologies, the market has become chaotic and application positioning remains vague.
At present, China is leading the world in the R&D of LED flexible transparent display technology and products. Although the products are still in the early stage of trial production, they hold an absolute advantage in international market share. Flexible film transparent display technology: the future is now—within reach.
1.3 Current Market Situation
Entering the 2020s, LED flexible display materials and products began to appear in front of Chinese consumers and quickly gained popularity through new media. In less than a year, they attracted the attention of customers in developed countries and rapidly entered the international market. Emerging as a disruptive force, flexible transparent film LED products impressed the industry with their softness, transparency, lightness, ultra-thin profile, ability to conform to any curved surface, and energy efficiency—breathing new life into the dominant traditional display formats. Starting in 2021, many manufacturers realized the immense market potential of flexible transparent film displays and began to launch projects and deploy quickly.
However, due to a lack of systematic technical validation, many rushed the products to market without thorough evaluation, testing, or certification. As the technology penetrated and expanded into real-world application scenarios, more and more problems with flexible film transparent displays emerged. Frequent failures began to severely hinder the development of the market, slowing down the industry’s high-quality growth and independent innovation. This ultimately led to a sharp drop in sales of flexible LED transparent film products in 2024. The most common failures included large areas of dead pixels, signal breakpoints, dark stripes, yellowing, delamination, cracking, hardening, liquefaction, and decomposition—causing widespread skepticism and criticism toward what was once a promising new technology. Many leading R&D manufacturers attributed the massive market contraction to the overall economic environment. In reality, it is the inherent product defects and technical flaws that are the true culprits. We must deeply reflect on the root causes and pay close attention to the direction of technological development. At the same time, we call on leading enterprises in the flexible transparent display industry to immediately leverage new materials and advanced processes, rapidly improve production procedures, optimize material combinations, increase R&D investment, and strengthen core technological breakthroughs. Only then can flexible transparent display products return to a path of high-speed growth and enter a track of healthy and sustainable development.
Overview of Flexible Transparent Film Display Technology
Overview of Flexible Transparent Film Display Technology
2.1 Development History of Flexible Display Technology
From the early LED silicone flexible display modules to multi-layer PCB hollow matrix display products, and now to organic film-based flexible transparent display materials, flexible display technology has undergone significant advancement. The application of new materials and innovations in packaging systems call for the adoption of new processes and techniques. Traditional display concepts and legacy module experience cannot be directly applied to transparent display technology. Organic film transparent displays are high-tech products that integrate microelectronics, optoelectronics, computer technology, and information processing. They are supported by an interdisciplinary foundation of basic physics, materials science, chip packaging, and organic chemistry. Disregarding scientific principles and resorting to blind, low-quality mass production are the main reasons for frequent failures and pixel malfunctions in flexible transparent film LED displays.
2.2 Basic Principles of Transparent Film Display Technology
LED flexible transparent film materials are a subcategory of transparent screen products. These materials use LED display beads or RGB bare die flip-chip MIP COB bonding technology. The light panels are made of transparent high-polymer engineering plastics based on organic polyester film, with surface-etched transparent mesh circuitry. After surface mounting and chip bonding of electronic components, the panels undergo glue-coating or other proprietary solid-state structural processes to form standardized modules. These products are known for their lightness, transparency, flexibility, cuttability, high resolution, high brightness, and energy efficiency. They can be directly affixed to glass architectural walls, conforming to curves without damaging the original structure or requiring adjustments to curved surfaces. When not displaying content, the screen becomes virtually invisible, allowing natural indoor lighting and leaving no trace of installation.
LED flexible transparent film materials boast a light transmittance of up to 75% (Note: automotive-grade float glass has a transmittance of 93%. Certain irresponsible companies and media outlets have fabricated claims that LED flexible transparent film materials exceed 90% transmittance, which is completely unfounded). These materials can deliver vibrant and brilliant visual effects, making imagery more striking and offering users an exceptional sensory experience through enhanced color stimulation.
2.3 Application Fields of Flexible Transparent Film Display Products
Currently, LED flexible transparent film display products are primarily used in department store retail, stage decoration, media advertising, creative cultural tourism, and landscape signage. They are also expected to be widely adopted in areas such as smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, automotive displays, and low-altitude economy applications, with growing market demand. The primary market is China, followed by Europe, North America, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.
In the future, flexible transparent film display products will not be mainstream for indoor flat display applications, as flexible transparent displays have limited use in indoor curved spaces. Most indoor transparent display needs are found in shop windows or flat glass surfaces, which may not require flexible film embedding. Many alternative solutions, such as affordable OLED, matrix hollow displays, and grid screens, can serve these needs. Instead, outdoor curved structures, landscape signage, vehicle displays, low-altitude economy, and wearable displays are the main application spaces where flexible transparent film display products can truly shine.
Technical Challenges Facing Flexible Transparent Film Display Products
Currently, leading domestic companies engaged in the R&D and manufacturing of flexible transparent film display products face significant difficulty in achieving high standards of transparency, flexibility, and durability simultaneously in their chosen materials. The root cause lies in the pursuit of maximum profit:
First, they continue using SMD-type multi-wire “integrated LED-driver” lamp beads, which inherently suffer from structural defects, combined with film lamination modules;
Second, they choose low-cost, low-performance PET as the substrate, which exhibits extremely poor thermal stability and suffers chemical degradation during the reflow soldering process;
Third, they employ glue-coating processes without any structural support framework to avoid the complexity of structural installation in all-weather environments.
These three major material defects have severely constrained the healthy development of flexible transparent film display products, causing what was once a rising star to rapidly deteriorate within less than two years of market exposure—now teetering on the brink of collapse.
The author’s investigation confirms that this outcome is not due to the economic climate. It should have drawn serious attention from the industry as early as the dismantling of a so-called “crystal film screen” from a certain optoelectronics company by the Shenzhen Metro—but it didn’t!
3.1 Arbitrary Material Selection
The demands of high-precision and large-scale production have significantly increased process complexity, making cost control a major challenge. Currently, most manufacturers use pick-and-place machines to mount RGB LED beads onto PET-based circuit boards, then apply low-temperature solder paste and conduct reflow soldering to bond the LED beads with the film, thus producing various types of flexible transparent LED film display modules.
However, after extensive research, the author has not found any academic institution, professional organization, or manufacturer consortium that has officially released or recommended PET as a material suitable for printed circuit boards. Authoritative search engines also provide no evidence that PET, even when “modified,” can withstand the high temperatures of the reflow soldering process.
Based on practical experiments and research, the author concludes: no matter the type of PET, the choice of solder paste, or how carefully reflow oven temperatures and durations are controlled, the chemical degradation and stress reshaping of PET cannot be prevented. Even if no issues are revealed during factory aging tests, they will inevitably recur under the cyclic thermal conditions of real-world usage environments.
Moreover, in the future of flexible transparent Mini/Micro LED film display technologies, PET will inevitably be excluded from the BOM list.
PET will never be—neither today nor in the future—the ideal material for COB, and this has already become a consensus among experts in polymer organic chemistry. For further reference, please see the author’s article “The Key to Flexible Transparent LED Film Display Products—Film Materials” published in the “Technology Garden” section of Display World, April 2024 issue (Issue No. 203). Details will not be repeated here.
3.2 Concealment of Critical Components
Having just invalidated PET’s viability as a PCB substrate from an academic standpoint, let us now turn to the so-called “integrated LED-driver” components, also referred to by some as “co-packaged LED-driver” lamp beads. Reportedly, this packaging approach also originated in South Korea. The so-called “co-packaged LED-driver” refers to encapsulating RGB light-emitting chips and the driver IC within the same LED housing cavity. After 12 to 14 wire bonds inside the cavity, four (or six) pins extend from the LED base, forming an integrated LED lamp bead for display use that claims to support “point break continuity.” Almost every manufacturer of flexible transparent film display products markets “point break continuity” as a high-end feature, showcasing supposed technological superiority. Yet this, in fact, reveals the opposite: the use of “co-packaged LED-driver” lamp beads practically guarantees that “point breaks” will occur regularly—otherwise, why would you need point break continuity in the first place? Today’s conventional LED displays deployed across China and abroad don’t require “point break continuity” at all—because point breaks aren’t an issue to begin with.
Even more concerning and disheartening is the fact that “co-packaged LED-driver” products can never support small pixel pitches. Even if manufacturers manage to produce small-pitch modules, they won’t be transparent and will essentially function as electric ovens. So forget about expecting “co-packaged” lamp beads to be viable for fine-pitch Mini LED or ultra-fine-pitch Micro LED products. From the moment they were created, “co-packaged LED-driver” lamp beads have been inherently defective.
3.3 Disorder in Production Processes
Let’s now discuss the so-called potting process used in “film-type screens” that are advertised as needing “no structure, no adhesive, no programming—just power it on and it works.” Today’s flexible transparent film display products—whether branded as “light film screens” or “crystal film screens”—are universally marketed by manufacturers under the glamorous label of “crystal film screens.” Yet, when installed at the customer site, nearly all are implemented under the same simplistic philosophy: “no structure, no adhesive, no programming, just plug and play,” with zero consideration for the local geographic or environmental conditions such as temperature or climate. Consider, for example, regions where daytime ambient temperatures approach 40°C (with glass storefronts reflecting temperatures as high as 76°C); or the deserts of Gansu, where nighttime temperatures drop to 9°C; or car interiors, where the temperature can exceed 65°C, combined with dynamic conditions where temperatures may suddenly plunge by 40°C during travel. These frequent and repeated thermal shocks cause long-term chemical reactions between the PET modules and the potting layer (PET, or polyethylene terephthalate, is a polymeric ester compound. The transparent adhesives used for mounting are mostly organic compounds containing unsaturated groups such as acetylene. For the currently widespread encapsulation silicones, we’ve found that compounds prone to repeated chemical reactions with silicone include organic compounds containing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S); and heavy metal ion compounds such as those containing tin (Sn), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), and arsenic (As). These easily react with co-packaged LED-driver encapsulation adhesives and residues from soldering flux left on PET surfaces.) When mounted in an oxygen-rich environment, the original crystal-clear and brilliant appearance quickly deteriorates. The photo below shows an in-vehicle display product installed one year ago by a certain “Hai-something” technology company. The adhesive has completely yellowed, and the potting material has severely liquefied, seeping into the inside of the car door—causing the power window mechanism to jam and rendering the unit impossible to remove.
It is particularly important to note that since the introduction of flexible transparent film display technology from South Korea into China, it has never undergone any scientific or systematic evaluation by any professional institution, nor has it received any formal technical review or certification testing report—yet it entered the consumer market in an open and unrestrained manner. Worse still, some individuals who lack technical knowledge, act irresponsibly, and disregard consequences have hyped it up with labels like “black technology” and “cutting-edge innovation.” The bubble kept expanding, the advertised capabilities kept growing, and at one point, it even occupied nearly half of all display product advertising in the market. This resulted in ill-informed customers making impulsive purchases, causing a once-innovative and eye-catching product to quickly fade into obscurity. By 2024, its annual sales had dropped by 50% compared to the previous year. Investigations revealed the core issue: extremely poor quality—requiring repairs almost every week.
Analysis of Key Technological Breakthroughs
Long-term stability and lifespan in actual use are critical indicators for evaluating the quality of flexible transparent film display products. Future Mini/Micro LED transparent displays will adopt smaller-sized, higher-brightness, lower-power-consumption, longer-lifespan, faster-response-time, and higher-luminous-efficiency Mini/Micro LED chips, combined with top-tier CPI (Colorless Polyimide) or glass substrates engineered from advanced organic plastics. We firmly believe that with the high transmittance of CPI and glass substrates designed specifically for display applications, along with the superior display performance of Mini/Micro LEDs, LED transparent screens will be able to achieve both transparency and high-definition visual quality—offering even more promising development prospects.
4.1 Development of New High-Performance Materials
Exploring new materials such as advanced polymers and nanomaterials is essential to enhance the optical performance and mechanical stability of the product. Substrate materials face a dual challenge: they must provide structural rigidity while maintaining flexibility and recovery properties. A key trait of flexible transparent film display materials is the ability to fold—so it’s vital that after repeated bending, the material can return to its original shape. Cover materials for foldable displays must simultaneously meet the requirements of flexibility, high light transmittance, and strong surface scratch resistance.
Currently, glass is the primary substrate material used in flexible transparent film display products. However, glass cannot be bent or folded, which makes high-performance polymer engineering plastics the most suitable substrate material for foldable displays at this stage. Replacing rigid substrates with flexible films allows the base to bend and fold, significantly improving drop resistance, while also making the display thinner and lighter.
Transparent polyimide (PI) film retains the excellent properties of traditional PI, including high heat resistance, high reliability, flexibility, low density, low dielectric constant, low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and ease of fine-pattern circuit fabrication. It also overcomes the drawback of traditional PI films being light yellow or deep amber in color. As a result, it is not only applicable to future flexible display technologies but also suitable as a flexible substrate for film-based solar cells and flexible circuit boards.
As a key base film material in foldable smartphones and HUDs (Head-Up Displays for vehicles), the competition between UTG (Ultra-Thin Glass) and CPI (Colorless Polyimide) has been intense. In the medium- to long-term development of flexible film materials, CPI still holds a cost advantage due to its mature mass production technology and currently remains the likely preferred choice for future mid-sized foldable products.
Based on the current development trends of flexible transparent film display materials, the prospects for CPI substrates are highly promising.
4.2 Innovation in Device Packaging and Integration Technologies
Developing new packaging technologies and integration methods is essential to enhance overall product performance and reliability. Currently, a few leading companies in the flexible transparent film display materials sector are conducting trial production of Mini LED bare-die flip-chip MIP COB display products. Using the latest ultra-high-speed die bonding equipment, high-luminous-efficiency RGB flip-chip bare dies are embedded onto CPI base films. To avoid optical interference caused by the high-transparency base film, dam-encapsulation technology is used during COB dispensing to perform MIP packaging on each RGB chip unit and flip-chip driver IC. After bonding and AOI inspection, a second lamination is applied, bonding a sealing film of the same base material to form a unified body—resulting in a high-strength, fully protected, ultra-thin, flexible transparent film display material. This process prevents common failures such as lattice mismatch, bubble formation, salt mist corrosion, and short circuits caused by environmental exposure. The final product has the same appearance and tactile feel as ordinary plastic film, yet once connected to signal and power sources, it delivers full-color, high-brightness display performance.
In the future, true “crystal film screens” will be based on pure bare-die packaging. The era of passing off “lamp film screens” as crystal film screens is over for good.
4.3 Research on Advanced Manufacturing Processes
Researching and optimizing key manufacturing processes such as installation structures for flexible transparent display film products has long been a challenge for manufacturers seeking to reduce costs and improve production efficiency. Currently, vacuum potting of light panels with adhesive is definitely not the optimal structural installation method. No matter how much manufacturers boast about the ease of installation and long-lasting durability, nothing can withstand the craftsmanship of nature. Temperature shocks over the years are relentless. This presents a major technical challenge for adhesive manufacturers. As far as the author knows, no high-transparency adhesive currently exists that can simultaneously offer absolute UV resistance, high-temperature stability, non-liquefaction, non-hardening, anti-cracking, and anti-oxidation. In fact, the higher the transparency, the faster the thermal liquefaction; the better the UV resistance and oxidation protection, the lower the transmittance. Therefore, it is recommended that manufacturers intensify their R&D efforts to solve the structural installation challenges of flexible transparent film displays. Abandon the large-area potting adhesive approach and instead develop new lightweight and sturdy structural mounting methods that are quick to install. Not only would this avoid the many risks associated with adhesive potting, but it would also significantly reduce costs.
Designers are capable of mounting die-cast aluminum or iron cabinets on building walls, yet often struggle to attach lightweight flexible film displays onto glass surfaces. Is adhesive bonding the only solution? Structural design innovation is not merely repetitive operational work—it is a creative endeavor. A solid foundation of knowledge is essential for structural design, while clever configuration and combination lie at the heart of creative engineering.
The variant design method in structural planning allows designers to start from a known viable structure and generate numerous alternative options through transformations. By optimizing parameters in these options, designers can obtain multiple locally optimal solutions. Further analysis and comparison of these local optima can lead to a better or even globally optimal solution.
Limitations such as the inability to produce long-format flexible transparent film materials, module splicing only being feasible at both ends, automotive films only being fixable with adhesive disks, or curtain walls only being mountable through adhesive—all stem from traditional design thinking and a lack of structural innovation. We firmly believe that the coming year will mark a turning point—the inaugural year of installation innovation for flexible transparent film display products. It will break the constraints of adhesive-based structures and usher in revolutionary new mounting methods, opening the door to a new era of flexible transparent micro-displays.
Innovation Trends and Development Directions of Flexible Transparent Film Display Products
5.1 Interdisciplinary Integration as an Innovation Pathway
Integrating knowledge from materials science, physics, chemistry, and other disciplines opens new avenues for flexible transparent film display technology.
The maturity and stability of next-generation transparent display technologies are intricately linked to chip fabrication, substrate properties, LED packaging, protective processes, usage environments, and installation structures. Overlooking any of these aspects can result in irreversible losses for engineering projects. For the healthy and sustainable development of flexible transparent film display materials, it is essential for corporate decision-makers and technical teams to embrace open-minded thinking, promote collaborative teamwork, and engage in cross-disciplinary and cross-industry interactions. Closed-door development must be avoided. Instead, the most advanced technologies and new materials from the supply chain should be creatively incorporated into manufacturing processes—paving the way for flexible transparent displays to advance toward finer pixel pitches and ultra-miniaturization.
5.2 Green and Sustainable Development Strategy
Placing emphasis on environmental impact assessments, promoting green manufacturing processes, and adopting recyclable materials is crucial.
Flexible transparent film display materials are typically made from polymer-based organic engineering plastics. Manufacturers must pay close attention to environmental regulations throughout production and sales—especially for exports. It is important to comply with environmental certifications required by importing countries.
For example, EN 15343 focuses on traceability and recycled content in plastics, aiming to regulate recycled plastic use. It addresses not only the traceability and compliance of recycled materials, but also emphasizes evaluating the recycled content.
According to UNE EN 15343:2008, the national standards organizations of EU member states are responsible for enforcing the standard. It covers the full recycling process from raw waste inventory management to the final product, ensuring best practices for environmental protection, waste management, and quality control.
Additionally, on December 19, 2024, the European Commission issued Implementing Decision (EU) 2024/3176, revising the earlier Decision (EU) 2022/602. The update primarily concerns the recognition of the “International Sustainability and Carbon Certification – ISCC EU” scheme for forest biomass, non-biological renewable fuels, and recycled carbon fuels.
Other relevant certifications include GRS and RCS for recycled materials and OCS for organic content standards. GRS and RCS are internationally recognized voluntary certifications aimed at increasing recycled content in products, reducing or eliminating environmental harm during production, and helping businesses meet buyer requirements while expanding into global markets.
OCS certification supports environmental protection and sustainable development, enhancing product competitiveness and helping companies avoid technical trade barriers and reduce trade risks. The certifications mentioned above are qualifications that manufacturers of flexible transparent film display materials should attain as part of a green and sustainable development strategy—and they deserve serious attention.
5.3 Intelligent and Multifunctional Product Design
Currently, integrating functions such as sensors, touch control, interactive features, and AI/AR technologies is making display products smarter and more versatile to meet future market demands. Augmented Reality (AR) technology, based on real-time computation and multi-sensor fusion, overlays virtual information onto the real world to create exceptional interactive experiences. AR has a wide range of applications—including, but not limited to, electronics, services, manufacturing, e-commerce, and gaming. The inflection point for core AR technologies is approaching, entering a period of rapid development. AI is empowering AR terminals, with comprehensive upgrades in optics, computation, and perception. The integration of AI and AR will significantly enhance the functionality of AR devices, making them lighter and smarter. AR glasses use cameras and microphones to provide first-person perspective input to large AI models and deliver results back to the user via lenses or speakers, greatly enhancing the overall user experience.
Conclusion and Outlook
6.1 Summary of Research Findings
This paper systematically analyzes the current technological landscape and development trends of flexible transparent film display products, providing guidance for future research.
① The “co-packaged LED-driver” lamp bead is inherently flawed and has nearly reached the end of its life cycle—it can no longer serve as a light source for small-pitch displays.
② PET, as a substitute for transparent PCB substrates, lacks any scientific basis. It not only poses endless risks to product reliability but will not, now or in the future, become an ideal material for COB applications.
③ The widespread use of potting adhesives on flexible transparent film light panels is the fundamental cause of frequent product quality failures—leading to near-weekly maintenance issues.
6.2 Significance and Value of Technological Breakthroughs
Technological breakthroughs will significantly accelerate the development of related industries, generating both economic benefits and social impact. It is hoped that in 2025, flexible transparent film display technology will experience a leapfrog breakthrough and achieve disruptive advancements.
6.3 Recommendations for Future Research Directions
It is recommended to strengthen fundamental research, promote collaboration among industry, academia, and research institutions, and encourage cross-industry and interdisciplinary cooperation. The focus should be on discovering new materials, solving persistent problems, and accelerating the application of technological innovations.
